New Developments in Automated Tunnel Surveying Systems
نویسندگان
چکیده
The surveying requirements during tunnel construction have changed little since the first tunnels were dug centuries ago, the focus being on leaving and arriving at the required place. Over the years the techniques and facilities to achieve this have developed considerably and also the cost constraints within which they should be achieved. This paper looks at some of the current surveying techniques applied in tunnel construction today with an emphasis on flexible systems developed for the more traditional methods of construction. Examples are drawn from the Uetliberg and Gotthard tunnels where challenging schedules and rock conditions demand the application of innovative technologies.
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